Section I - Introduction
CHAPTER 1. Foundations of Physiology
Section II - Physiology of Cells and Molecules
CHAPTER 2. Functional Organization of the Cell
Structure of Biological Membranes
Cellular Organelles and the Cytoskeleton
Synthesis and Recycling of Membrane Proteins
CHAPTER 3. Signal Transduction
Mechanisms of Cellular Communication
Receptors That are Ion Channels
Receptors Coupled to G Proteins
CHAPTER 4. Regulation of Gene Expression
The Promoter and Regulatory Elements
Regulation of Inducible Gene Expression by Signal-Transduction Pathways
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Post-Translational Regulation of Gene Expression
CHAPTER 5. Transport of Solutes and Water
The Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
Solute Transport Across Cell Membranes
Regulation of Intracellular Ion Concentrations
Water Transport and the Regulation of Cell Volume
Transport of Solutes and Water Across Epithelia
CHAPTER 6. Electrophysiology of the Cell Membrane
Ionic Basis of Membrane Potentials
Electrical Model of a Cell Membrane
Molecular Physiology of Ion Channels
CHAPTER 7. Electrical Excitability and Action Potentials
Mechanisms of Nerve and Muscle Action Potentials
Physiology of Voltage-Gated Channels and Their Relatives
Propagation of Action Potentials
CHAPTER 8. Synaptic Transmission and the Neuromuscular Junction
Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction
Toxins and Drugs Affecting Synaptic Transmission
CHAPTER 9. Cellular Physiology of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle
Section III - The Nervous System
CHAPTER 10. Organization of the Nervous System
Development of Neurons and Glial Cells
Subdivisions of the Nervous System
CHAPTER 11. The Neuronal Microenvironment
CHAPTER 12. Physiology of Neurons
Signal Conduction in Dendrites
Control of Spiking Patterns in the Soma
CHAPTER 13. Synaptic Transmission in the Nervous System
Neurotransmitter Systems of the Brain
Fast Amino Acid–Mediated Synapses in the CNS
Plasticity of Central Synapses
CHAPTER 14. The Autonomic Nervous System
Organization of the Visceral Control System
Synaptic Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Central Nervous System Control of the Viscera
CHAPTER 15. Sensory Transduction
Vestibular and Auditory Transduction: Hair Cells
Somatic Sensory Receptors, Proprioception, and Pain
Chapter 16. Circuits of the Central Nervous System
Simple, Stereotyped Responses: Spinal Reflex Circuits
Rhythmic Activity: Central Pattern Generators
Spatial Representations: Sensory and Motor Maps in the Brain
Temporal Representations: Time-Measuring Circuits
Section IV - The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 17. Organization of the Cardiovascular System
Elements of the Cardiovascular System
Origins of Pressure in the Circulation
How to Measure Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Cardiac Volumes
Chapter 19. Arteries and Veins
Arterial Distribution and Venous Collection Systems
Elastic Properties of Blood Vessels
CHAPTER 20. The Microcirculation
Regulation of the Microcirculation
CHAPTER 21. Cardiac Electrophysiology and the Electrocardiogram
Electrophysiology of Cardiac Cells
Chapter 22. The Heart as a Pump
From Contractile Filaments to a Regulated Pump
CHAPTER 23. Regulation of Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output
Short-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure
Matching of Venous Return and Cardiac Output
Intermediate- and Long-Term Control of the Circulation
CHAPTER 24. Special Circulations
CHAPTER 25. Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System
Interaction among the Different Cardiovascular Control Systems
Responses to Acute Emotional Stress
Section V - The Respiratory Systemp
Chapter 26. Organization of the Respiratory System
Comparative Physiology of Respiration
Organization of the Respiratory System in Humans
CHAPTER 27. Mechanics of Ventilation
Dynamic Properties of the Lung
CHAPTER 28. Acid-Base Physiology
Acid-Base Chemistry When Is the Only Buffer
Acid-Base Chemistry in the Presence of and Buffers—The Davenport Diagram
pH Regulation of Intracellular Fluid
Chapter 29. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
CHAPTER 30. Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Diffusion and Perfusion Limitations on Gas Transport
CHAPTER 31. Ventilation and Perfusion of the Lungs
Matching Ventilation and Perfusion
Chapter 32. Control of Ventilation
Overview of the Respiratory Control System
Neurons That Control Ventilation
Generation of the Respiratory Rhythm
Chemical Control of Ventilation
Modulation of Ventilatory Control
Section VI - The Urinary System
CHAPTER 33. Organization of the Urinary System
Functional Anatomy of the Kidney
Main Elements of Renal Function
Measuring Renal Clearance and Transport
Chapter 34. Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
Control of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
CHAPTER 35. Transport of Sodium and Chloride
Na+ and Cl− Transport by Different Segments of The Nephron
Na+ and Cl−, and Water Transport at the Cellular and Molecular Level
Regulation of Na+ and Cl− Transport
CHAPTER 36. Transport of Urea, Glucose, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium, and Organic Solutes
Chapter 37. Transport of Potassium
Potassium Balance and the Overall Renal Handling of Potassium
Potassium Transport by Different Segments of the Nephron
Potassium Transport at the Cellular and Molecular Levels
Regulation of Renal Potassium Excretion
Chapter 38. Urine Concentration and Dilution
Water Balance and the Overall Renal Handling of Water
Water Transport by Different Segments of the Nephron
Generation of a Hyperosmotic Medulla and Urine
Regulation by Arginine Vasopressin
CHAPTER 39. Transport of Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Balance and the Overall Renal Handling of Acid
Acid-Base Transport by Different Segments of the Nephron
Acid-Base Transport at the Cellular and Molecular Levels
Regulation of Renal Acid Secretion
CHAPTER 40. Integration of Salt and Water Balance
Control of Extracellular Fluid Volume
Control of Water Content (Extracellular Osmolality)
Section VII - The Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 41. Organization of the Gastrointestinal System
Overview of Digestive Processes
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function
Functional Anatomy of the Stomach
Protection of the Gastric Surface Epithelium and Neutralization of Acid in the Duodenum
Filling and Emptying of the Stomach
Chapter 43. Pancreatic and Salivary Glands
Overview of Exocrine Gland Physiology
Composition, Function, and Control of Pancreatic Secretion
Composition, Function, and Control of Salivary Secretion
Chapter 44. Intestinal Fluid and Electrolyte Movement
Overview of Fluid and Electrolyte Movement in the Intestines
Cellular Mechanisms of Na+ Absorption
Cellular Mechanisms of Cl− Absorption and Secretion
Cellular Mechanisms of K+ Absorption and Secretion
Regulation of Intestinal Ion Transport
CHAPTER 45. Nutrient Digestion and Absorption
Protein, Peptide, and Amino-Acid Absorption
Digestion and Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Chapter 46. Hepatobiliary Function
Functional Anatomy of the Liver and Biliary Tree
Uptake, Processing, and Secretion of Compounds by Hepatocytes
Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
The Liver as a Metabolic Organ
Section VIII - The Endocrine System
CHAPTER 47. Organization of Endocrine Control
Principles of Endocrine Function
CHAPTER 48. Endocrine Regulation of Growth and Body Mass
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
The Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone
CHAPTER 51. The Endocrine Pancreas
Chapter 52. The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D
CHAPTER 53. Sexual Differentiation
Genetic Aspects of Sexual Differentiation
Development of the Accessory Sex Organs
Differentiation of the External Genitalia
Endocrine and Paracrine Control of Sexual Differentiation
CHAPTER 54. The Male Reproductive System
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Biology of Spermatogenesis and Semen
CHAPTER 55. The Female Reproductive System
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Control of the Menstrual Cycle
The Ovarian Cycle: Folliculogenesis, Ovulation, and Formation of the Corpus Luteum
Chapter 56. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation
Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
Implantation of the Developing Embryo
The Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit
Response of the Mother to Pregnancy
CHAPTER 57. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
Development and Maturation of the Cardiopulmonary System
Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth
Section X - Physiology of Everyday Life
Energy Interconversion From Cycling between 6-Carbon and 3-Carbon Molecules
Energy Liberation (Catabolism)
Integrative Metabolism During Fasting
Chapter 59. Regulation of Body Temperature
Heat and Temperature: Advantages of Homeothermy
Active Regulation of Body Temperature by the Central Nervous System
Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, and Fever
CHAPTER 60. Exercise Physiology and Sports Science
Motor Units and Muscle Function
Conversion of Chemical Energy to Mechanical Work
Determinants of Maximal O2 Uptake and Consumption
CHAPTER 61. Environmental Physiology
CHAPTER 62. The Physiology of Aging
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging
Aging of the Human Physiological Systems